Argument- reasoned thinking. The essence of an argument is a claim
A reason is a sentence telling why the claim should be accepted as true.
Reasons need to be supported with evidence, facts, examples, expert testimony, etc…
real life arguments need an audience
the book defines rhetoric in a positive way
The study of rhetoric includes both what we have defined as reasoned thinking, the appeal through logic, and other ways of appealing to an audience
Rhetoric is the art of argument as responsible reasoning. The study of rhetoric develops self-conscious awareness of the principles and practices of responsible reasoning and effective arguing. This survived well into the 19th century
Peitho- goddess of persuasion
Eros- god of love
Resopnsible reasoning- defending not the first position you might take on a issue but the best position determined through open-minded inquiry. Providing reasons for holding that position that can ear the respect of an audience.
The intelligent person is the one who can distinguish good arguments from bad ones
Responsible argument- distinguish those that show responsible reasoning from those that show poor or careless reasoning
Responsible Reasoners are well-informed: are self-critical and open to constructive criticism from others: argue with their audiences or readers in mind: Know their arguments’ contexts
All agruments are part of an ongoing conversation, not the isolated events they seem to be in the news
Arguing to inquire is using reasoning to determine the best position on an issue
Dialogue- serious conversation
Conviction – an earned opinion, achieved through careful thought research, and discussion
Convice- making a case/point
Persuasion- attempts to influence not just thinking but also behavior
Persuasion appeals to readers emotions
Persuasion also relies on the personality of the writer to an even greater degree than does convincing
Mediation- settle a conflict
Inquiry- seeks truth-oneself, friends, & colleagues, informal; a dialogue- questions
Convincing- seeks assent to a thesis- Less intimate; wants careful reasoning- more formal; a monologue- case-making
Persuading- seeks action- more broadly public, less academic- pressing need for a decision- appeals to reason and emotions
Mediating- seeks consensus- polarized by differences- need to cooperate, preserve relations- “give-and-take”
ENGLISH HWK 